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1. Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
2. Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
3. Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
4. Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
N Spernovasilis
, M Raissaki
Visceral herpes zoster following reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster virus can rarely occur, usually in highly immunosuppressed patients, and may present with abdominal pain without the relevant rash. In the absence of skin manifestations, diagnosis of visceral herpes zoster is extremely difficult, while computed tomography may reveal isolated periarterial fat stranding. We describe a rare case of visceral herpes zoster in a medically immunocompromised adult with psoriatic arthritis, who presented with acute abdomen, was diagnosed based on computed tomography findings and subsequent serum polymerase chain reaction results, and was appropriately treated with an uneventful recovery. This case underlines the significance of considering varicella-zoster virus infection as a cause of severe abdominal pain even in the absence of rash in this setting, and highlights the potential role of appropriately performed computed tomography in such unusual and complex cases, where early diagnosis and initiation of treatment is extremely important for a favorable outcome.
Article Submitted:11 Nov 2020; Revised Form: 8 Mar 2021; Article Accepted: 30 Mar 2021; Available Online: 25 Jun 2021
https://doi.org/10.31138/mjr.32.3.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY). 
©Spernovasilis N, Raissaki M, Papakitsou I, Pitsigavdaki S, Louka K, Tavlas E, Kofteridis DP.
Reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) results in herpes zoster (HZ), which occurs more frequently in older or immunocompromised individuals.1 HZ usually presents as a unilateral, painful dermatomal rash. However, visceral involvement can rarely occur, principally in highly immunosuppressed patients.1 In the absence of skin eruption, diagnosis of visceral HZ is challenging. Severe abdominal pain as first clinical symptom may erroneously lead to the diagnosis of acute abdomen and to unnecessary exploratory laparotomy,2 posing a significant risk for delayed treatment and unfavorable outcome. In addition, few cases have reported perivascular fat stranding on computed tomography (CT) in the setting of visceral HZ.3,4
This report details a rare case of visceral HZ with abdominal pain but no skin manifestations at diagnosis in a patient with psoriatic arthritis who was being treated with infliximab biosimilar (Inflectra®) and had recently received high doses of steroids. This case also underscores the potential value of imaging in evoking the suspicion of visceral HZ and triggering appropriate investigations for definitive diagnosis and prompt effective treatment.
A 44-year-old woman presented to another hospital with a few hours’ history of severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, accompanied by nausea. Her past medical history was significant for psoriatic arthritis treated with infliximab biosimilar (Inflectra®) for the past two years. The last infliximab biosimilar (Inflectra®) infusion had been 15 days prior to presentation. At that time, due to a severe arthritis flare, the patient also received a single dose 500 mg of IV methylprednisolone, with instructions to complete a 10-day course of oral prednisolone, 30 mg per day with gradual decrease of the dose.
Her vital signs were normal. Abdominal examination revealed tenderness to deep palpation in the epigastrium, without guarding or rebound. The remainder of the clinical examination, including skin and nervous system, was unremarkable. Laboratory tests showed lymphopenia (1,000/μL) and mild anemia (13.6 g/dL). The rest of the blood tests, including liver enzymes and serum and urine amylase, were within normal range. A chest radiograph was normal. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) reported periarterial fat stranding and possible dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (Figure 1) and the patient was transferred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment.
On presentation, CT images were reviewed, findings were considered equivocal, and a new contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan with an angiographic arterial phase was performed. Perivascular fat stranding was noted as the single abnormal finding while the arteries were found patent without evidence of dissection (Figure 2). Due to isolated periarterial fat stranding, the possible diagnosis of visceral VZ was raised and the patient was admitted to hospital for further evaluation. On a subsequent further review of patient’s medical history, it was found that she had been diagnosed with varicella during her childhood.
On the second day of hospitalization, a skin eruption without blistering emerged on the patient’s back (Figure 3). Varicella-zoster virus DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the serum and the diagnosis of visceral HZ was established. The patient received 4 days of intravenous acyclovir and was discharged with an additional 10-day course of oral valacyclovir. On her follow-up visits, two and ten weeks later, the pain and the rash had subsided, and the patient was in a good health condition in general.
Visceral VZV infection is an uncommon emergency condition, associated with increased mortality.5,6 It usually occurs due to reactivation of dormant VZV, presenting as HZ, in immunodeficient or highly immunosuppressed individuals with impaired cell-mediated immunity.1,5 Most cases have been described in hematological patients, mainly among individuals with a history of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.5,6 There have also been rare cases of visceral involvement in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory bowel diseases attributed to the use of immunosuppressive therapy, such as steroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biological agents, and small-molecule drugs.6,7 Among these drug classes, steroids, either as monotherapy or as part of combined immunosuppressive therapy, display the strongest correlation with VZV reactivation overall.7,8 Similarly, in our patient with psoriatic arthritis, the temporal association between the addition of high-dose of steroids on top of infliximab biosimilar (Inflectra®) and the occurrence of visceral HZ implies a causal relation.
Most patients with visceral HZ reported in the literature present with severe abdominal pain as the cardinal symptom.2,3,5,6,9 A significant proportion also experiences one or more of the following: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mental status disturbances, radiographic evidence suggesting pneumonitis, and elevated liver enzyme or amylase levels.2,5,6,9 VZV-associated gastritis, intestinal mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage, stretching of the hepatic capsule due to VZV-hepatitis, VZV-induced pancreatitis, VZV invasion into celiac ganglia, VZV neuropathy of the parietal peritoneum, and periarterial fat stranding around the main intra-abdominal arteries, have been proposed as possible causes for the abdominal pain.3,5,6,9 In many patients, abdominal pain precedes the characteristic vesicular rash by a few days, while some either develop atypical cutaneous eruptions, as our patient did, or never experience a rash.5,9 This may cause significant diagnostic problem and may even lead to unnecessary surgical interventions.2 Hence, it is imperative that medical professionals caring for the aforementioned groups of patients consider visceral HZ in otherwise unexplained abdominal pain and perform an appropriate work-up, since delays in the institution of adequate antiviral treatment have been proven life-threatening.6
Herpes zoster in immunocompetent individuals is usually diagnosed clinically, based on the characteristic vesicular skin eruption with dermatomal distribution.1 However, in severely immunocompromised patients in whom atypical skin manifestations or isolated visceral involvement may occur, laboratory confirmation is needed.1 The diagnostic technique of choice is PCR, because of its sensitivity (over 90% in different clinical specimens), specificity, and short turnaround time for results.1,6,10 The PCR assays of the whole blood, plasma or serum enable the prompt diagnosis of visceral HZ in the absence of rash, as in the case described here.1 There are also available PCR assays for cutaneous, cerebrospinal fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage, and vitreous humor specimens.1,5 Other diagnostic techniques, with significantly lower sensitivity than PCR, include direct fluorescent antibody assays on tissues or secretions, and viral culture.1,5 Serological tests are of limited value for the diagnosis of HZ since IgM antibodies are detectable in only 50%-60% of patients with HZ, irrespective of their immune status. 10
Computed tomography has been increasingly performed in patients with acute persisting abdominal pain unexplained by clinical, laboratory tests, and ultrasonography. Periarterial fat stranding may be encountered in several conditions (Table 1). In our patient, periarterial fat stranding was an isolated finding, involving both the SMA and the celiac artery. This setting is extremely unusual in routine emergency radiology and favoured the diagnosis of visceral HZ.3,4 In immunocompromised patients, isolated periarterial vascular stranding can precede skin manifestations HZ by many days and should be considered highly suggestive of visceral HZ until proven otherwise.3,4
There was no funding support.
